Veteran interview Essay Example For Students

Veteran meeting Essay Veteran meeting Essay My granddad, Larry, served in WWII. He enrolled and positioned at Camp Polk. He experienced spots like New Guinea and the Philippines during the war. At the point when I inquired as to whether he encountered any battle he said; indeed, I encountered some battle. In any case, more often than not I spent in battle was in a tank. Not all that much activity there. A common day in my granddads life at the time was to wake up at the break of day and prepare for an entire day of battle, well in any event for the ground troops that didnt have a tank to be ensured by. Obviously for him, driving a tank was simpler at that point being a ground troop. With the goal that made things somewhat simpler. He revealed to me consistently the primary concern he did, and I quote, kep my head low. Anything could be normal. We will compose a custom article on Veteran meeting explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now At Camp Polk him and some different soldiers had a plan to set up a snare to alarm them if the adversary attempted to get into their base camp around evening time. They would set up projectiles loaded up with a large portion of the hazardous powder required for a to the max, and they would cover them around the edge of their camp with their pins integrated by trip wire. When the foe would go to that border and stumbled the excursion wire it would pull the pins to practically all the explosives. Be that as it may, the explosives didnt go off immediately so the jap that snuck in would simply think he stumbled on a branch or something. Until the projectiles would at long last go off and alert the camp to get the gatecrasher. That is if the projectiles didnt get him before they did. That's right, I would rest off to rest when a critter or a quick breeze would set those damn things off and wake me up once more. At that point youre stuck setting them all up for the remainder of the night. What stood out most in my granddad mind he said was; anticipating return home. The war got intense from numerous points of view and circumstances which made my him wish he was home with his family once more. I inquired as to whether he considered the war all the time now and he said; not terrible, but not great either. Not alot. Happy its over. At the point when I inquired as to whether he lost any companions or individuals he presented with in the war he said that he lost a few companions in battle yet he didnt talk much about that. He conveyed his hallowed heart metal with him wherever he went. He would appeal to God for the war to end around evening time before he nodded off. The companions he made in war are either dead or he no longer stays in contact with them by any means. There wasnt much said about his most noticeably terrible and best encounters in the war. All he said on that was to keep alarm and remain alive. The war didn't transform him. My granddad was gotten with loads of adoration. He would go to Japan yet he wound up returning home early. He was in Minilla on V-J Day, the day the war finished. This was a triumph day festivity. I inquired as to whether he had been scarred either sincerely or truly from serving in the war and he said; indeed, both particularly when you get encompassed. Once he disclosed to me that he opened the top bring forth to his tank to check whether the cost was clear. There wound up being a jap stowing away in a tree above him and he got him at the side of his eye tring to drop a projectile in with him. So my granddad immediately hammered the entryway shut and tuned in to the blast of the projectile followed by the jap dropping out of the tree and hitting the highest point of the tank with a boisterous crash. Also, all things considered. Truly, he believed in the war he was battling for. .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .postImageUrl , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:hover , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:visited , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:active { border:0!important; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:active , .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ucf29802faa6ddd789 7d167a048bc5da6 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucf29802faa6ddd7897d167a048bc5da6:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Drugs and liquor misuse have become a significant Essay Words /Pages : 688/24 . Veteran meeting Essay Example For Students Veteran meeting Essay Veteran meeting Essay My granddad, Larry, served in WWII. He enrolled and positioned at Camp Polk. He experienced spots like New Guinea and the Philippines during the war. At the point when I inquired as to whether he encountered any battle he said; indeed, I encountered some battle. Be that as it may, more often than not I spent in battle was in a tank. Not all that much activity there. A run of the mill day in my granddads life at the time was to wake up at the beginning of the day and prepare for an entire day of battle, well in any event for the ground troops that didnt have a tank to be secured by. Obviously for him, driving a tank was simpler at that point being a ground troop. With the goal that made things somewhat simpler. He revealed to me consistently the primary concern he did, and I quote, kep my head low. Anything could be normal. We will compose a custom article on Veteran meeting explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now At Camp Polk him and some different soldiers had a plan to set up a snare to caution them if the adversary attempted to get into their base camp around evening time. They would set up projectiles loaded up with a large portion of the hazardous powder required for a to the max, and they would cover them around the border of their camp with their pins integrated by trip wire. When the foe would go to that border and stumbled the excursion wire it would pull the pins to practically all the projectiles. In any case, the explosives didnt go off immediately so the jap that snuck in would simply think he stumbled on a branch or something. Until the projectiles would at long last go off and alert the camp to get the interloper. That is if the explosives didnt get him before they did. That's right, I would snooze off to rest when a critter or a quick breeze would set those damn things off and wake me up once more. At that point youre stuck setting them all up for the remainder of the night. What stood out most in my granddad mind he said was; anticipating return home. The war got intense from multiple points of view and circumstances which made my him wish he was home with his family once more. I inquired as to whether he considered the war all the time now and he said; not terrible, but not great either. Not alot. Happy its over. At the point when I inquired as to whether he lost any companions or individuals he presented with in the war he said that he lost a few companions in battle however he didnt talk much about that. He conveyed his holy heart metal with him wherever he went. He would appeal to God for the war to end around evening time before he nodded off. The companions he made in war are either dead or he no longer stays in contact with them by any means. There wasnt much said about his most noticeably awful and best encounters in the war. All he said on that was to keep caution and remain alive. The war didn't transform him. My granddad was gotten with loads of adoration. He would go to Japan however he wound up returning home early. He was in Minilla on V-J Day, the day the war finished. This was a triumph day festivity. I inquired as to whether he had been scarred either sincerely or truly from serving in the war and he said; truly, both particularly when you get encompassed. Once he revealed to me that he opened the top bring forth to his tank to check whether the cost was clear. There wound up being a jap stowing away in a tree above him and he got him at the edge of his eye tring to drop an explosive in with him. So my granddad immediately hammered the entryway shut and tuned in to the blast of the explosive followed by the jap dropping out of the tree and hitting the highest point of the tank with a noisy crash. What's more, all things considered. Truly, he believed in the war he was battling for. .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 , .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 .postImageUrl , .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 , .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711:hover , .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711:visited , .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711:active { border:0!important; } .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uac75903108bb8ea4fa628c6af8ac7711 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: backgrou

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Question: Is government or business best positioned to address environmental change? Examine, utilizing models and drawing upon the ideas educated in this unit. Answer: Presentation One cannot foresee or definitely advise how atmosphere changes are going to change the planet, yet there are hardly any things that are exceptionally sure to occur: the complex climatic changes and varieties in natural effect is legitimately going to influence the business, government frameworks, society, and environments; and the legislatures will accordingly anticipate bring the necessary changes for the individuals and moderate the impacts brought by complex climatic changes with broad guidelines (Schuur and McGuire, 2015). As of not long ago, there are such huge numbers of organizations that have set different guidelines and included gauges for carbon outflows to frame up in the coming days. These ventures will progressively find that these outflows from the climatic changes around them will saw a value climbs as far as the general public and financials (Boucher and Randall, 2013). Hence, there are incredible possibilities that the organizations that keep on sitting as an afterth ought lines will be injured unequivocally when contrasted with a few different organizations and friends who are currently finding and conceiving most recent procedures to guarantee a decrease in the natural hazard. Grist: A Strategic Approach to Climate A correct way to deal with find natural answers for different organizations is profoundly significant. There must be a methodology that is condition benevolent and in this way the organizations who are right now running on methodologies or work place with carbon outflow or unsafe particles development need to locate an alternate way to deal with address environmental change (Edenhofer, 2015). The business and the legislature is unquestionably the best spot to address these destructive changes in the climatic conditions. Just those organizations who will prevail to get their procedures right and proper for tending to the complex climatic conditions and changes will have the option to discover huge chances, which will later assist them with getting both the business income gains and furthermore make social energy on the worldwide stage (Shine, 2014). Environmental change today is under constant concentration by the legislature and these progressions are additionally assuming an immense job in how business tasks will perform. Different GNH or ozone depleting substances, carbon impressions, unsafe gases end will be exorbitantly followed, controlled, and fined monetarily by the administration organizations (Adger and Aggarwal, 2007). A few gatherings or individual chiefs can discover these progressions non-existent and furthermore differ about the quick climatic changes brought about by the outflows from their work environment or items and they may neglect to see the huge effect of environmental change, however at some point or another every one of these sorts of organizations will be qualified for incorporate the eco-accommodating arrangements in their business and the legislature should force severe activity to spare the nature. There are a few organizations that continue having condition spare work medicines, however the sole reason for including such changes are to spare their organizations. There are various firms which are not paying attention to the issue. .A companys atmosphere strategies are probably going to get influenced by the duties and desires for the partner and the different gauges and standards for start socially mindful. In any case, the impacts of the unpredictable changes in nature or atmosphere on the everyday work tasks of a firm will turn out to be very conspicuous and can be battled with the administration polices and enactments (Rogers and Marres, 2016). From Effectiveness to Strategy When there are discussions about the ways to deal with tackle the mind boggling and hurtful climatic changes in our condition, one can unmistakably observe the there is nobody answer for take care of all the various issues to address the complex climatic changes. (NASA, 2010) Each and every business undertaking and every industry's methodology should be reliant on its specific business, working condition, systems utilized the answer for address the climatic changes ought to match up with the general corporate procedures. For each industry and the business, the way to deal with manage these progressions must incorporate shrewd and exacting activities that will turn compelling at moderating the atmosphere related expenses and the dangers that will occur in its worth chain (Xu and Grumbine, 2014). All the business heads across various enterprises and organizations are required to consider that the carbon emanations are expensive issues. They should understand that these carbon discharges and gases will be become costly really soon, and the dependable partnerships in this way need to survey the dangers their working are causing to the earth (Field, 2015). Each organization, mechanical areas and representatives need to get those essentials right, and work towards tending to the issues truly remembering the worldwide point of view. Any of the organization that has more number of representatives than the quantity of workers required in its transportation division is very inadequate; when one looked carefully can unmistakably observe how the supervisors are spending all their business assets and making a procedure where execution is kept at a low level. So also for an occurrence there is an organization that is creating exorbitant carbon or transmits other destructive gasses during its different activities identified with transportation at that point, such organization can be professed to be an imperfect organization with a ton of operational wasteful aspects. Such organizations are basically squandering their whole asset base and furthermore bringing about extra undesirable costs. Such costs will in general ascent yearly too. Along these lines, it is exceptionally imperative to actualize best of the accessible practices in organizations to deal with the atmosphere related expenses and stay serious in the market (Christensen, Kanikicharla, Marshall and Turner, 2013). Moreover with the expanded expenses caused because of ceaseless unsafe gas emanations, each specialist, organizations and every single such kind of firms likewise need to assess and comprehend its operational affectability and its commitment to the changes on the planet atmosphere. (Melillo, Richmond and Yohe, 2014) Techniques of Corporations, an Inside Out and Vice Versa Approach To set a companys mentality in tending to the mind boggling atmosphere changes brought about by the emanations and to make identification of their key activities, all the companies out there must examine their interior tasks. This is in fact named as a methodology of back to front. This will in the long run help them appropriately acknowledge how their tasks are negatively affecting nature. These organizations additionally need to examine in, for this will assist them with seeing how changing atmosphere may thusly influence the earth and abilities of their business (Collins and Knitti, 2012).To comprehend these things in a positive point of view, chiefs should watch the worth chain arrangement of the firm. Such a worth chain framework has everything identified with activities, coordinations, deals. Administrations, advertising and so forth which are all assessed to see how they are affecting the earth (Crate and Nuttall, 2009). Hazard: Investing in Global Security Atmosphere changes are going on unexpectedly and there are going to change a great deal soon, whose impacts could be pulverizing. Along these lines, it is significant how organizations working on a worldwide scale will respond on a current day in different areas which will affect their business sectors. These thoughtless usable strategies are really a medium to put resources into worldwide security and the organizations need to improve corporate social obligation and their adaptability to receive these. Certain things are probably going to occur and they can raise security worries for organizations making the framework get completely harmed, disappointment of the Earths environment, interruptions in the farmlands and rural part and some increasingly (Stocker, 2013). In this manner these organizations are taking a chance with the earth and numerous lives, for the furthest points of movements in atmosphere can wreck a fruitful situation of an undertaking and even the social world dwelling around. In this way, business administrators and proprietors, firm proprietors and organizations require foreseeing the manner in which atmosphere changes can influence their business and take preventive measures for it (Fann. What's more, Nolte, 2015) End The effect of the discharges from the worth chain related exercises can be both direct and complex. The different carbon emanations can either be with the end goal that it gets activated by any action which has been done under the organizations direct operational systems and the discharges can likewise be actuated by the providers, channels, and clients. These effects have possibly progressive ramifications that may not, at this point be appropriate in a world which is loaded up with emanations causing immense consumptions. High carbon introduction is anything but a sign that for an organization atmosphere concerns must be a moment key change. Or maybe the supervisors need to devise a successful activity intend to recognize and address such a grave issue. The reality of the issue can be taken as a vital arrangement. In the event that business undertakings can bring down their carbon impression contrasted with their rivals, there are high possibilities that they are venturing out in front of every one of its rivals sooner rather than later. Back to front investigation will likewise help them in lower such vitality utilizations and parity out the outflows caused from its activities which are financially affecting its worth chain. The agents and the whole firm and individuals related with the firm should hence cause ordinary appraisal o f all these predominant dangers and afterward to choose which things and operational procedure to lessen. This should successfully be possible through updating the working or transportation tasks, effectively understanding what activities are causing what impacts, utilizing legally binding supporting and protection which the earth ca

How to Cope With a Sense of a Foreshortened Future

How to Cope With a Sense of a Foreshortened Future PTSD Coping Print How to Cope With a Sense of a Foreshortened Future By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 19, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children PhotoAlto / Odilon Dimier / Getty Images Following a traumatic event, a person may develop a sense of a foreshortened future, which is currently considered an avoidance symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). People who experience this symptom feel as though their life will somehow be cut short without any real explanation as to why. They may also feel as though they wont be able to reach milestones in their life, such as a career, marriage, or children. A sense of a foreshortened future can vary in terms of severity. Some people may have just a mild sense that their life will be cut short, whereas others may have a specific prediction regarding the length of their lifespan and are completely convinced of their premature death. This symptom can be very difficult to cope with and may lead to isolation, hopelessness, helplessness, and depression. Tips for Coping With a Sense of a Foreshortened Future However, there are some steps you can take to reduce the severity of this symptom. A number of potential coping strategies are described below. Practice Mindfulness of Thoughts Believing that your life will be cut short following a traumatic event makes sense. You may have feared for your life or even come close to death as a result of your traumatic event. Furthermore, following a traumatic event, our assumptions about the world as a safe and secure place are shattered. People are forced to come to terms with their own mortality. As a result, the belief that your life will be cut short likely feels very true; however, there is really no way to determine your lifespan. Consequently, it can be helpful to be mindful of those thoughts about your premature death. Notice your thoughts as simply objects in your mind, as opposed to the truth. Doing so will prevent you from connecting with those thoughts, thus reducing the likelihood of hopelessness and helplessness. How to Use Mindfulness for PTSD Identify and Engage in More Positive Activities A sense of a foreshortened future can increase the risk of depression. Therefore, it is very important to identify and increase the extent to which you take part in positive activities. It may be particularly useful to engage in activities that you used to enjoy before the traumatic event occurred. You may not notice an immediate change in your emotions or thoughts. That is normal. Keep at it. Being more active, especially in positive activities, will eventually improve your mood and can prevent depression. Pay Attention to the Choices You Make   We often make choices based on our emotions. Anxiety may tell us to avoid something. Sadness may tell us to isolate. Anger may tell us to retaliate. Although it is definitely important to listen to our emotions, they may not always lead us down the best path. Instead, it is important to think about what kind of life you want to live and make choices that are based on that idea. For example, if you want to live a life where you are a compassionate and caring person, make choices each and every day to engage in a behavior that is consistent with those values. Doing so will create a sense of agency and purpose as well as increase the feeling that you are living a fulfilling life. Connect With Others   A sense of a foreshortened future can cause people to isolate themselves from others. Given this, the best thing you can do to counter this is to connect with others and establish social support. The more meaningful relationships you have in your life, the more fulfilling your life may begin to feel. Reduce Avoidance   Following a traumatic event, it is very natural to avoid certain activities or places. The problem with avoidance is that avoidance often leads to more avoidance. When we avoid something, we are delivering the message to our brain that a situation is not safe. The more we avoid, the more our world feels unsafe, which will then lead to us avoiding more and more situations. Therefore, it can be important to take steps to approach situations or activities that you want to avoid. Of course, you dont want to approach situations that may be objectively unsafe (like running alone in a park at night, for example). You do, however, want to engage in activities that you used to feel comfortable doing before the traumatic event occurred. This practice can be difficult, as you may experience anxiety and fear, but these feelings will eventually dissipate. When you start this process, it may be helpful to bring along a trusted and supportive friend. Take Care of Yourself   Another way to combat the sense of a foreshortened future is to engage in behaviors that are about valuing your life. Schedule time to pamper yourself or engage in self-soothing and compassionate activities. Exercise. Eat well. Taking care of yourself can have a tremendous impact on your emotions and thoughts. How to Increase Your Chances of Success Many of the coping strategies listed above are easier said than done. Be patient and take your time. Reward yourself for any small amount of progress that you make in reducing your sense of foreshortened future. It may also be helpful to seek treatment for your PTSD. By reducing your symptoms of PTSD in general, you will likely notice that your sense of foreshortened future also reduces in intensity. A therapist can also provide you with support as you use the coping skills described above. There are a number of effective treatments for PTSD; however, finding a mental health provider can be an overwhelming and stressful task if you do not know where to look. Fortunately, there are several websites that provide free searches to help you find appropriate mental health providers in your area.

Analysis Of Avital Cohen And Tsal Essay - 1384 Words

The article by Avital-Cohen and Tsal (2016) discussed the flanker task experiment, which asserted that distractor interference happens unconsciously as a result of focused attention toward the target. The results from the original flanker task indicated that participants had slower responses for incongruent trials, since the distractors are inconsistent with the target and would require a different response (Avital-Cohen Tsal, 2016). However, Avital-Cohen and Tsal (2016) questioned the findings from the flanker task experiment. They decided to challenge the idea that only the target stimuli receives top-down processing, and not the distractors (Avital-Cohen Tsal, 2016). The first experiment aimed to test whether the distractor interference is purely bottom-up processing as claimed in the flanker task. The experiment manipulated participants’ expectations of the target using the context effect - a type of top-down processing - by changing the distractors to be either letters or digits (Psych 240 lecture, 9/21/16). Then, the researchers conducted a second experiment and eliminated the ambiguity of distractors. They wanted to test whether the result from experiment 1 was caused by an overall bias or the ambiguous distractors. In experiment 2, the researchers predicted that they would obtain similar results to the first experiment only if the results were due to an overall bias effect (Avital-Cohen Tsal, 2016). This study allows us to deepen our understanding of available

Think Of A Beautiful, Ten-Year-Old Girl Standing In The

Think of a beautiful, ten-year-old girl standing in the mirror, clutching her stomach and tears rolling down her cheeks because she is being teased for not being as skinny as the other girls in her class. She looks at the models on TV and envies their skinniness. She wants to look just like them. At ten years old, she starts running after dinner and not eating as much as she use to eat. That beautiful little girl is just like every woman all over the world; she is pressured to by the media to have a â€Å"perfect body.’ Women all over the world are coerced by society to change the way they look. These women are beautiful just the way God made them, but society is trying to destroy that by making teens and women alike think believe they have to†¦show more content†¦These women need to be told every single day that they are beautiful the way they are, and they should not change for anyone or anything. Society’s pressure on women not only creates eating disorders, but it also creates mental disorders. This pressure can cause women to develop anxiety, depression, problems in relationships, and substance abuse. New research suggests that ten million women in the UK are depressed because of the way they look(Sanghani). The media managers take size zero models and morph their bodies into unrealistic sizes. Women and teens look at these fake pictures of models and start thinking that that is what they are supposed to look like. They put themselves through diet and exercise to try to get to the â€Å"perfect body† standard. However, if they do not see results, they are disgusted with themselves which makes them think negatively of themselves all the time. Women often do not go shopping because of the size they are. They avoid two-piece swim suits and crop top shirts. Women should not idolize these fake models the way the media does. The media should not think as highly of t hese fake models in the way that they do. Along with mental disorders comes low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can happen in girls as young as first grade and women as old as 65. The media has influenced these women into thinking theirShow MoreRelatedThe Night - Original Writing Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesEven after all those twenty years, he still thinks she was gorgeous. Yes, even twelve years ago when she was still maybe, ten? It is not totally her appearance. She looks like a little fairy from the story. She was active and she was beautiful. Her brown hair curls a little and always shines because their owner takes good care of them. Even when it was the middle of the night, Carl can still see her working on herself, from her hair to her toes, literally. 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The common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder the earliest case of an eating disorder can be traced to prehistoric times, and these disorders can have extremely negativeRead MoreCaroline Tarbell Age 18, Raised, New Hampshire Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesCaroline Tarbell age 18, raised in New Castle, New Hampshire. She is a sweet girl with a loving heart, despite her being from the northeast she has a southern flair about her. So who is Caroline? Well, she is a student at the phenomenal University of Alabama with a beautiful personality that lights up the room when she walks in. With a personality like hers so sweet, delicate, and loving; it almost like explaining a pie made by grandma on a special holiday. Maybe we shared a connection of food made

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BECE 002 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT For July 2012 and January 2013 Students Course Code: BECE 002 Title of Course: Indian Economic Development: Issues and Perspectives School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 2012-13 Dear Student, As per the present pattern of assignments, you will have to do one assignment for this elective course BECE-002. The assignment is of 100 marks which contains 3 sections. Section I contains two questions of 20 marks each; Section II contains four questions of 12 marks each; and Section III contains two questions of 6 marks each. We will write a custom essay sample on Want Answer of These Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submission Completed assignments should be submitted to the coordinator of your study center by March 31, 2013 for students admitted in July 2012 cycle and by September 30, 2013 for students admitted in January 2013 cycle. 2 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES Programme Code: BDP Course Code: BECE-002 Assignment Code: BECE-002/AST/TMA/2012-13 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all the questions A. Long Answer Questions (word limit-500 words) 2Ãâ€"20=40 marks 1) Discuss the rationale behind the ‘capabilities and human development’ theory propounded by A. K. Sen. 2) Analyse the growth profile of India’s industrial production by ‘use based classification’ over the period 1960-2007. B. Medium Answer Questions (word limit-250 words) 4 x 12=48 marks 1) Discuss the concept of ‘population ageing’. 2) Explain briefly the risks of high fiscal deficit. 3) What are the causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture? 4) Discuss the features of Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs). C. Short Answer Questions (word limit 100 words) 2Ãâ€"6=12 marks 1) What is meant by ‘work force participation rate’? 2) Write a note on the ‘prevention and protection’ aspect of flood management. 3 How to cite Want Answer of These Question, Essay examples

Want Answer of These Question Free Essays

BECE 002 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT For July 2012 and January 2013 Students Course Code: BECE 002 Title of Course: Indian Economic Development: Issues and Perspectives School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 2012-13 Dear Student, As per the present pattern of assignments, you will have to do one assignment for this elective course BECE-002. The assignment is of 100 marks which contains 3 sections. Section I contains two questions of 20 marks each; Section II contains four questions of 12 marks each; and Section III contains two questions of 6 marks each. We will write a custom essay sample on Want Answer of These Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submission Completed assignments should be submitted to the coordinator of your study center by March 31, 2013 for students admitted in July 2012 cycle and by September 30, 2013 for students admitted in January 2013 cycle. 2 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES Programme Code: BDP Course Code: BECE-002 Assignment Code: BECE-002/AST/TMA/2012-13 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all the questions A. Long Answer Questions (word limit-500 words) 2Ãâ€"20=40 marks 1) Discuss the rationale behind the ‘capabilities and human development’ theory propounded by A. K. Sen. 2) Analyse the growth profile of India’s industrial production by ‘use based classification’ over the period 1960-2007. B. Medium Answer Questions (word limit-250 words) 4 x 12=48 marks 1) Discuss the concept of ‘population ageing’. 2) Explain briefly the risks of high fiscal deficit. 3) What are the causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture? 4) Discuss the features of Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs). C. Short Answer Questions (word limit 100 words) 2Ãâ€"6=12 marks 1) What is meant by ‘work force participation rate’? 2) Write a note on the ‘prevention and protection’ aspect of flood management. 3 How to cite Want Answer of These Question, Essay examples

Psychology Articles Summaries

The major objective of this study was to evaluate sleep patterns of 400 Iranian men and women, aged 60 years or older, with a view to establish a relationship between their sleep quality and health status (Malakouti 1201). Previous studies had shown that sleep disturbances not only increase with age, but also elevate the use of health services and enhances physical and mental morbidity, functional dysfunction, and all causes of mortality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To collect the needed primary data, three sets of questionnaires, namely the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), were administered to the participants sampled using a rigorous scientific procedure that made use of the National Organization for Retired Persons in Tehran to recruit the elderly participants ( Malakouti 1202-1203). The results reinforced the findings of other previous studies that many elderly people indeed suffer from poor sleep quality, consequently exposing them to a multiplicity of health-related risks and even illnesses. One in every ten participants reported experiencing sleepiness during the daytime due to poor sleep at night, while a sizeable number of participants reported experiencing difficulties falling asleep and maintaining sleep throughout the night. More women reported difficulties falling asleep due to being too hot at night, while more men suffered from leg twitching at night, considerably lowering the quality of sleep (Malakouti 1203-1206). These findings have important ramifications for the elderly as the quality of their sleep is positively correlated with quality of life and health outcomes (Malakouti 1206). Consequently, the authors suggest that promoting sleep hygiene education for the elderly should be recommended to enhance their quality of life and promote their health and wellbeing. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. This particular study purposed to explore the premise that parents have an increasingly significant influence not only on their children’s memories of them as significant others but also on their children’s memories of the parents’ close friends.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, the researchers enrolled a sample of 198 Italian university students to critically â€Å"†¦evaluate the role that the quality of parent-child relationships has on two different types of memories, those of parents and those of friends (Tani et al. 301). In addition, the researchers purposed to evaluate the role of gender in moderating these relat ionships (Tani et al. 318). Three data collection instruments, namely the Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI), questionnaire on parent and friend memories, and Adolescents Report of Parental Monitoring (ARPM), were used to evaluate the depth of the parent-child relationships (Tani et al. 307-309). The results demonstrated that parent-friend memories, as reported by participants increased in both genders with age, and were predominantly frequent during adolescence. When the affective tone of the memories was evaluated, it was revealed that in both male and female participants, the percentage of negative memories increased from childhood to adolescence, while the proportion of positive memories lessened. Using the same trajectory, the percentage of positive friends’ memories was found to increase while those of negative memories decreased (Tani et al. 318). This study was, therefore instrumental in underlying the importance of encouraging children to socialize more with th eir friends for purposes of identity development and for the provision of other supportive functions that are automatically transferred from parents to friends as individuals grow from childhood into adulthood (Tani et al., 324-327). Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦ Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. In this study, the authors attempted to examine cortisol responses to public speaking with a view to test the â€Å"†¦hypothesis that reactivity would be positively related to openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and negatively to extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, respectively† (Garcia-Banda et al. 1338).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In part icular, the researchers were interested in comparing salivary cortisol secreted by a sample of participants during a stressful scenario (public speaking) to cortisol secreted by the same sample of participants in a non-stressful scenario to investigate its relationship to the variables mentioned above (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340). Towards the realization of this aim, a sample of 75 participants were recruited into the study and two data-gathering instruments – the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised – administered on them (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340-1341). The results reinforced findings of other previous studies that public speaking is associated with enhanced cortisol levels (Garcia-Banda et al. 1341). Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that conscientiousness as one of prosocial personality dimensions was linked to elevated cortisol in the stressed scenario, whereas smaller portions of cortisol responses were found in participants with psychoticism – a personality facet that correlates highly with psychopathy and impairment in stress reactivity (Garcia-Banda et al. 1345). These findings are not only instrumental in assisting us to understand why people with elevated cortisol levels cope better in stressful situations than people with normal or even blunted cortisol secretion, but also in understanding why people demonstrating conscientiousness always have a good self-control disposition and an affective prosocial attitude towards others. Consequently, the study assists us to understand why conscientious individuals enjoy life. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. This particular study purposed â€Å"†¦to investigate the relationship between virtues and the personality traits of college students in mainland China† (Mu 1379). The concept of vir tue is important in contemporary personality theory since it represents the quality of character through which people consistently identify with and do the right thing. A sample of 426 students from two universities located in Eastern China was identified, and two data collection tools, namely the Chinese Virtue Adjectives Rating Scale (CVARS) and The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Chinese 16PF), administered for purposes of collecting data (Mu 1381). The hypothesis was that personal virtues will be positively correlated with personality characteristics.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In detailing the results, the investigator â€Å"†¦found that all factors of the CVARS correlated positively with emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, abstractedness, and perfectionism of the 16PF, and correlated negatively with sensitivity, vigilance, apprehension, self-reliance, and tension† (Mu 1383). Other second-order factors of the 16PF needed for individuals to develop strong personality traits, such as extraversion, tough-mindedness, and autonomy, also correlated positively with all factors of the CVARS. The results have important ramifications for psychological thought, particularly in the broad area of personality development, as they support the view that the concept of virtue is closely related to personality and, consequently, it can be of great importance to behaviorists in character development (Mu 1384). The study brings us closer to the conclusion made previously by scholars of personality psychology that altho ugh personality and virtue are viewed as separate entities, they are indeed related conceptions. This view is slowly being entrenched in positive psychology. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. Torgersen used a meta-analytic review of published articles to evaluate whether personality disorders are caused by genetic predispositions or environmental factors. The author’s analysis begins by reviewing a number of recently published studies, which suggests that individuals exhibiting personality problems also usually exhibit a life trend of personality challenges that are usually above the average in any given population (Torgersen 626). The author argues that familial transmission of personality disorders is more or less only genetic, stressing that â€Å"†¦the development of antisocial personality disorders is influenced by genes, the heritability being around 0.40, wit h no effect of shared family environment† (Torgersen 627). When it comes to environmental influence, the author observes that while it is indeed true that individuals exhibiting particular personality disorders report various environmental stimuli, such as cold and distant parents, neglect, environmental instability, no parental caring and little control, research is yet to provide conclusive findings on whether these environmental agents are the causes or the consequences of the perceived personality disorders (Torgersen 628). The author argues that if parents mistreat their children and, as a direct consequence, the children develop personality/behavioral problems, it does not essentially imply that the mistreatment is the root cause of the problems. On the contrary, â€Å"†¦the parents themselves [may] have some personality disorder traits, partly due to genes. These genetically influenced traits correlate with poor parenting, explaining the genetic influence on paren ting. The children inherit the genes and subsequently develop personality disorders† (Torgersen 628). To distinguish between genetic and environmental variables to personality problems, therefore, the author suggests that subsequent studies should assume a genetically informed longitudinal approach. Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Dwairy used a sample of 2,884 participants, comprising of Arab, Indian, French, Polish, and Argentinean adolescents, to evaluate if parental inconsistencies (temporal, situational, and father-mother inconsistency) could indeed influence the adolescents psychological disorders. Temporal inconsistency was described as â€Å"†¦the inconsistency in the parent’s reaction time to the same situation from time to time, situational inconsistency [as] the inconsistency in the parental rea ction from one situation to another, and father-mother inconsistency [as] the inconsistency between the two parents in their reaction to the same situation† (Dwairy 24). Consequently, the author â€Å"†¦hypothesized that parental inconsistencies are dependent on culture, the parents’ gender, and the adolescents’ gender, and are associated with psychological maladjustment of adolescents† (Dwairy 24). Further, it was hypothesized that the stated associations vary across cultures. The results revealed that while parental inconsistency is culturally dependent, it does not seem to be influenced by the adolescent’s gender. The most important finding of the study, however, was that parental inconsistency is evidently correlated to adolescents’ mental health and led to: ambivalent feelings (e.g., adolescents developing negative feelings when parents are controlling and criticize); unpredictable behavior, which not only hurt’s the childâ⠂¬â„¢s feelings but disturbs the child-parent relationship, and; feelings of injustice (Dwairy 24-27). The study also demonstrated that the parents’ temporal inconsistencies and father-mother discrepancy were closely associated with psychopathy across cultures, while father-mother situational discrepancies were not in any way associated with psychopathy (Dwairy 27). Works Cited Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. Malakouti, Seyed Kazem, Mahshid Foroughan, Marzieh Nojomi, Mir Farhad Ghalabandi Tahar Zandi. â€Å"Sleep Patterns, Sleep Disturbances and Sleepiness in Retired Irania n Elders.† International Journal of Geriatric Psychology 24.2 (2009): 1201-1208. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. This report on Psychology Articles Summaries was written and submitted by user Margaret Lyons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Check out the best college essay writing services reviews College is that place you yearn for and cant wait to enroll. You have been having countless nights just wondering how your college life will be like. But as college enrollment nears, fear begins to crop inside you. But fortunately, you are successful and you begin your college life. The subjects are so many and you have to attend all lessons. To top up, there are extra curricular activities that are compulsory. You have not completed your three essay writing assignments and the due date is next week. Just where do you begin from? The best idea you can think of is seeking help from the best college essay writing service. You being to search blindly for the best services and to your surprise they are a lot. Do you go with all of them or the first that appears on the list? All these options are not good. The easiest places to look for are college essay review services. This is a page that contains several essay writing website reviews. Here is why reviews will prove to be more helpful when choosing a service to get best college essays. Essay writing service reviews are not biased The essay writing service reviews website provides all the necessary information to customers. Since its main purpose is to ensure students make the right decisions, it offers nothing but truthful information. All reviews are based on thorough evaluation and examination process on respective essay writing sites. Some of the things reviews address include the quality, the services offered delivery time and customer support. The reviews of specific websites also contain ratings as given by customers and their reliability. Essay writing reviews help customers identify good writers Essay services reviews talk about the specific writers. One can clearly tell that a service has good writers from its ratings from customers. When looking for the best college essays, one can easily click on the site and take a look at papers written by particular writers. You will therefore make your choice depending on the kind of writers and the top college essays written in their name. Essay writing reviews help during price determination Almost all essay writing service prices are similar. A review website analyzes each and every service price table and identifies which is the most affordable. You do not need to spend millions to get a good piece. From the reviews, you can choose the high rated service in pricing then settle for it. Here, you will not have to worry about the quality as the ratings are clearly seen. Are you looking for the best college essay ever? Simply go through the reviews and select the top 10 college essays. Look at the style and language used during writing and confirm if you will be using the service. Do not be surprised if your paper falls into the category of the best college essay ever written. Check out writing services that we have chosen for you! Use our reviews!

How to Find Enumeration District Maps

How to Find Enumeration District Maps An enumeration district (ED) is a geographic area assigned to an individual census taker, or enumerator, usually representing a specific portion of a city or county. The coverage area of a single enumeration district, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, is the area for which an enumerator could complete a count of the population within the allotted time for that particular census year. The size of an ED can range from a single city block (occasionally even a portion of a block if it is located within a large city packed with high-rise apartment buildings) to an entire county in sparsely populated rural areas. Each enumeration district designated for a particular census was assigned a number. For more recently released censuses, such as 1930 and 1940, each county within a state was assigned a number and then a smaller ED area within the county was assigned a second number, with the two numbers joined with a hyphen. In 1940, John Robert Marsh and his wife, Margaret Mitchell, famous author of Gone With the Wind, were living in a condo at 1 South Prado (1268 Piedmont Ave) in Atlanta, Georgia. Their 1940 Enumeration District (ED) is 160–196, with 160 representing the City of Atlanta, and 196 designating the individual ED within the city designated by the cross streets of S. Prado and Piedmont Ave. What Is an Enumerator? An enumerator, commonly called a census taker, is an individual temporarily employed by the U.S. Census Bureau to collect census information by going house to house in their assigned enumeration district. Enumerators are paid for their work and provided with detailed instructions on how and when to gather the information about each individual living within their assigned enumeration district(s) for a particular census. For the 1940 Census enumeration, each enumerator had either 2 weeks or 30 days to obtain information from each individual within their enumeration district. Using Enumeration Districts for Genealogy Now that US census records are indexed and available online, Enumeration Districts arent as important to genealogists as they once were. They can still be helpful, however, in certain situations. When you cant locate an individual in the index, then browse page-by-page through the records of the ED where you expect your relatives to be living. Enumeration District maps are also helpful for determining the order that an enumerator may have worked his way through his particular district, helping you to visualize the neighborhood and identify neighbors. How to Locate an Enumeration District To identify an individuals enumeration district, we need to know where they were living at the time the census was taken, including the state, city and street name. The street number is also very helpful in larger cities. With this information, the following tools can help to locate the Enumeration District for each census: Stephen P. Morse’s One-Step Tools website includes ED Finder tools for the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 U.S. federal censuses.Morse’s One-Step site also offers an ED conversion tool for converting between 1920 and 1930, and 1930 and 1940 Censuses.The National Archives has online ED maps and geographic descriptions for the 1940 census. Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts 1830–1890 and 1910–1950 can be found on the 156 rolls of NARA microfilm publication T1224. Enumeration District maps for 1900–1940 are available on the 73 rolls of NARA microfilm publication A3378. The Family History Library also has Enumeration District maps and descriptions on FHL microfilm.

Products Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Products Liability - Research Paper Example Company description The Ford Motor Company is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles and has a strong position in the global automotive market. The company widely engages in the development, manufacturing, distribution and service of vehicles, parts and their accessories. Ford corporate philosophy of stable improvement powerfully contributes to its immense achievement. The company endeavors to enhance its car products to appeal to its customers both buyers and potential buyers. At present, it concentrates on an advanced generation of consumers and creating stronger ties with this youthful market. As a result of its novel strategy, Ford has created a new line of vehicles, targeting the generation of â€Å"cool† and Ford main competitors include Toyota motor Company and GM motors (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Ford Motor Company was recently involved in an acc ident involving a 15 passenger Ford F-350 Econoline Van. Information shows that the van skidded off northbound interstate 5 in Kern County after the tread separated on its rear right tire. It becomes evident that evidence from the trial testified that the Ford officials had earlier on been contacted by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and knew that the product was defective, but the company officials never made any effort to conduct its dealers or its customers. Further evidence also shows that one of the men killed in the rollover was not wearing a seat belt during the accident. The panel also found that it would not have mattered in a crash in which the van rolled over four times while travelling at 70 miles per hour. Ford was then assessed with 59 percent comparative fault. It was also assessed $50,000,000 in punitive damages as a result of the accident (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit, how the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case The legal theory applied in the above case is product liability and negligence. The theory states that any injuries, death or any loss which may be as a result of a person or entity's negligence to fulfill any legal duty owed to another may be responsible for the act. These injuries are based on the legal theory of product liability and negligence and for one to establish a legal claim for negligence, it is required that the plaintiff must show that the defendant had a legal duty, the defendant breached that duty and this breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff injuries and the plaintiff was injured or even damaged in one way or the other. While laws may differ from state to state, deaths or injuries may be imposed for negligence (Birsch & Fielder, 2004). For instance, Kristi D. Roofer one of the plaintiffs sued the company over the manufacturers who sold t he van which was involved in that accident as Ford failed to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists. The lawsuit argues that the vehicle was defective and unreasonably dangerous and ultimately caused the death of the passengers. The defendant is accused of negligence for failing to design and manufacture a crashworthy vehicle and with proper seat belts to reduce accident deaths

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy - Essay Example Taoism Taoism serves as both a philosophy and a religion. Its roots can be traced back to ancient Shamanism. The Tao Te Ching which is the second most translated book in history codifies Taoism. Lao Tzu the sage wrote the 81 poems in 500 BC. Taoism is centered on a number of fundamental principles. Just like any other philosophical point of view, it gives a way of perceiving and comprehending reality. The word â€Å"Tao† means the way. The meaning is inclusive of both the way in which individuals view the world surrounding them and the way they interact with life. Our path of action and way of being in the world is influenced by how we view reality. The key principle of Taoism is that all manifestation and life is part of a whole which is inseparable. It is an interrelated organic unity that originates from a mysterious, deep and basically unexplainable origin that is the Tao itself. This principle comprises of everything imaginable. A number of Western translators have likene d this concept to the idea of God, absolute reality or universal mind among others (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). Basic principles of Taoism All aspects of existence are unified by the Tao Te Ching. It brings together both the spiritual and earthly dimensions with principles that operate at the same time in metaphysical, mental and physical realms. Classical Taoist instruction therefore included philosophy, meditation, physical exercise and religious ceremonies to strengthen how core principles exceed dimensions. There are nine key Principles of Taoism that precisely explain its cornerstone religious doctrines. The first principle is that the goal is contentment. Contentment is defined as the only measure that should be used to estimate personal success. Taoism teaches that a physical existence that is content will best make the soul ready for the time when the body will be cast off (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The second principle is oneness-a holist ic view. Taoism as a religious and philosophical system is built on a view of reality that is holistic. It uses principles that cut across the seen as well as unseen dimensions to unify all existence. Universal oneness is represented with white and black colors that rotate in a circle using its renowned yin-yang symbol. The third principle is the manifestation of the Tao. Since reason alone cannot be trusted, Taoism avoids conceptions that cannot be tested and affirmed by practical application. This requires a Taoist to not only rely on speculation but learn by looking at concrete demonstrations of larger universal forces. The fourth principle is that nature is unkind. Seemingly, since all effort is committed towards survival, there is little compassion in the natural world. Taoists are therefore encouraged by Lao Tzu to adopt an outlook of harsh unconcern towards everyone except a few loved ones. The fifth principle is that of society versus the individual. Taoism is mainly a philo sophy for the individual. It perceives society to be inclusive of confused individuals that freely resign to alluring social patterns. The Taoist therefore distinguishes effective beliefs from ineffective ones. This is by understanding the presence of useful individual beliefs and possibly useless social values (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The sixth principle is th

Bridge expansion joints †performance and materials

Bridge expansion joints – performance and materials 1.1 Introduction Expansion joints are used in bridges to allow movements like expansion and contraction between the bridge deck spans and abutments. These movements are caused due to temperature, soil settlements, vehicle acceleration and other reasons (Klaiber, et al., 1987 and Dagher, et al., 1993 as cited in Thippeswamy, 2002). Expansion joints are subjected to severe loading due to the direct impact of the wheels. They are a very important component of a bridge structure and if carefully designed, properly installed and reasonably maintained will give a trouble free performance for many years. Though joints are made of various materials like rubber, silicone and polymer they deteriorate since they are constantly exposed to impact, vibration of traffic and natural elements like water, dust, ultra violet rays and ozone (Chang Lee 2002). The durability of expansion joints is a major concern to bridge owners. The maintenance cost of joints is relatively high than the initial cost .This led to the de sign of jointless bridges. Jointless bridges do not develop stress due to corrosion of joints, accumulation of debris and differential elevation of joints (Thippeswamy, 2002). The behaviour of the jointless bridges not known and the designs being complicated are not implemented in spite of their advantages. This literature review deals with: characteristics of a good expansion joint that must be noted while design a joint, defects observed in expansion joints, survey studies conducted on existing joints to study their behaviour and some manufactures of bridge expansion joints in the industry. Studies on improving the performance of expansion joints is conducted, research on reducing the cost of maintenance of the joints should be conducted. 1.2 Characteristics of a good expansion joint A bridge expansion joint for proper functioning must have the ability to: accommodate movements in vertical and horizontal direction; withstand applied loads; resist skid and corrosion; operate silently with less maintenance (Lee, 1994). Price (1984) suggests that the performance of a joint is influenced by structural movements of the joint in horizontal and vertical direction, traffic loading, materials used, condition of the substrate, weather and temperature during joint installation, workmanship and performance of bearings. 1.3 Commonly observed joint defects Guzaltan (1993) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) studied some commonly observed defects in expansion joints. They include damaged seals, accumulation of debris in the joint components, rusting of metal plates and nuts, cracking of concrete, corrosion of steel reinforcement, water leakage, improper joint alignment and joint vibration during vehicle passage. Fincher (1983) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) presents the results of a survey conducted by Federal Highway Administration during a five year evaluation period which demonstrated that 60% of the expansion joints examined leaked. Additionally, Wallbank (1989) as cited in (Lee, 1994) explains that in a survey conducted on two hundred bridges by The London Department of Transport, the deterioration of the expansion joints was caused due to leaking and faulty drainage details. Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of joints in Indiana and found that some joints failed due to cracks in the seal and suggested test ing it before installation. Fault tree modelling was used for qualitative explanation of bridge element interaction but could be used only for catastrophic failures (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). These models are not applicable to bridges since they fail over an extended period of time. Fault tree models were also prepared by LeBeau and Wadia-Fascetti (2000) and Sianipar and Adams (1997) as cited in (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). A new deterioration modelling based on belief networks that effectively capture and illustrate the hierarchical, interaction and uncertainty factors present in bridge deterioration was developed by Attoh- Okine and Bowers (2006). Belief networks are also called Bayesian belief networks and are based on Bayes theory. The belief network approach is more appropriate than fault tree analysis since it can be used to investigate the components of a bridge including deck material, girders, bearings and abutments have a great influence on deterioration. 1.4 Studies conducted on the performance of existing expansion joints Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of the different joints used in the highway bridges in Indiana. Five popularly used joints were: compression seal (B.S), strip seal (S.S), integral abutment (I.A), poured silicone (X.J.S) and polymer modified asphalt (P.M.A). The data was obtained from questionnaire survey, analysis of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadway management data and expert interviews. Questionnaire survey was conducted by giving questionnaires to the state bridge inspectors and engineers around Indiana. The problems with joints were encountered and possible improvements were suggested. The analysis of historical data using logistic regression approach found that S.S joint had the best performance. The expert interviews consider I.A joint to offer good results and suggest improvement of B.S and S.S joints. An inspection campaign was conducted on 150 expansion joints of 71 road bridges in Brisa, Portugal where the maintenance cos t reached a peak of 25% (Lima Brito 2009). The joints installed within the traffic lane of the bridge were considered. The expansion joints were characterised based on their type, and age of the bridge. It was recorded that the joints used more frequently included reinforced elastomeric cushion joints, elastomeric flexible strips, and asphaltic plug joints. The data obtained from the inspection campaign was statistically analysed. The results showed that joints that were replaced mostly frequently were elastomeric joints and that different joints have specific maintenance needs. The transition strip and the anchorage cavities of the expansion joint are the parts that require more maintenance. It was also observed that the errors during installation and lack of maintenance caused pathology of the joint. The results of campaign conducted show that there was a lot of improvement in the commercial expansion joints and suggests investigation on the new or improved systems and materials. It also suggested that simple systems with fewer components are more reliable and require less maintenance. Asphalt bridge expansion joints when used in cold countries cracked within the first two years. To improve the performance the commercial MEIJIA asphalt binder was modified with polymers: thermoplastic rubber and rubber (Yu, et al., 2009). The polymers were used in various combinations, and their performance at low temperatures is evaluated by conducting tests including: ductility, penetration, indirect tension and bending tests. The data from ductility and penetration tests performed on binders indicated that the strength and deformation capacity at low temperatures improved. Four expansion joints made with the modified asphalt mixtures were installed on two bridges in a cold region and found that the joints showed good performance. 1.5 Assessment of expansion joint performance using monitored data A study was conducted by to develop a procedure for verification of the design and evaluating the condition of expansion joint by monitoring joint displacement and bridge temperature on a long term (Ni, et al., 2002). This method was applied to Ting Kau, cable stayed bridge in Hong Kong. The service life and replacement of joint depends on the cumulative displacement. An accurate prediction of the cumulative displacement will provide the time interval for joint inspection or joint replacement. Monitoring the thermal movements at the expansion joints and comparing them with the design values provide verification on design. The whole system had more than 230 sensors like anemometers, accelerometers, displacements transducters to measure displacements located at the ends of the deck, temperature sensors, strain gauges, weight in motion sensors and global positioning system. A good correlation between the movement of the expansion joints and effective temperature was observed. The daily average cumulative displacements of the expansion joints in the bridge are much less than design values. Additionally monitoring systems had been implemented on many bridges in different countries by (Andersen Pedersen 1994; Cheung et al. 1997; Barrish et al. 2000; Sumitro et al. 2001; Mufti 2002; Koh et al. 2003; Wong 2004) as cited in (Ni et al. 2002). 1.6 Effect of SSI and ground motion spatial variation Chouw and Hao (2008(a)) studied the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and ground motion spatial variation effect on bridge pounding responses for bridges with a traditional expansion joint between adjacent girders. The study was conducted on two adjacent bridge frames. It was confirmed that structures that are built on stiff soils may experience larger pounding forces than those on soft soils. It was also examined that decrease of ground motion correlation caused larger pounding responses. Numerical simulation was conducted by nonlinear dynamic response analysis and investigated pounding mitigation and prevention of unseating in the highway bridges due to seismic forces (Raheem, 2009). It was observed that seismic pounding generates significantly higher magnitude and short duration acceleration pulses than typically assumed design magnitude. This results in severe impact forces that damage structural members like the deck or pier. Additionally the effects of SSI and bridge pounding response for bridges with modular expansion joint system (MEJS) were observed (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). It was concluded that the girders with a large gap of a MEJS caused stronger impact forces. It was found that significance of nonuniform ground motions depends on the properties of the ground motions, subsoil and the structures. 1.7 Types of Expansion Joints 1.7.1 Selection of joint type The type of joint is selected depending on the movement expected for serviceability limit state. More than one type of joint may be suitable for a particular range of movement. The movement range that should not be exceeded for each expansion joint is given in Table 1. Table 1. Selection of joint type (Department of Transport, 1989) Joint Type Total acceptable longitudinal movement Maximum acceptable vertical movement (mm) Maximum (mm) Minimum(mm) Buried Joint under continuous surfacing 5 20 1.3 Asphaltic plug joint 5 40 3 Nosing joint with poured sealant 5 12 3 Nosing with preformed compression seal 5 40 3 Reinforced Elastomeric 5 * 3 Elastomeric in metal runners 5 * 3 Cantilever comb or tooth joint 25 * 3 * Maximum value varies according to manufacturer or joint type 1.7.2 Modular bridge expansion joint Modular expansion joint is used when the joint movement exceeds 100mm.The modular expansion joint has many advantages including: water-tightness, corrosion protection, great potential as they increase the life of concrete and steel bridges (Crocetti Edlund 2003), greater movements in translation and rotation. It can accommodate the three dimensional movements without generating additional stresses or strains in the load-bearing members or in adjacent bridge or abutment structures. 1.7.2.1 Noise generation in a modular expansion joint The traffic generates more noise on bridges than on roads, as sound is produced on the top and bottom of the deck. The noise generated from a modular expansion joint under vehicle passage is louder than those of ordinary expansion joints (Ravshanovich, et al., 2007). The mechanism of noise generation for a modular bridge expansion joint which causes noise pollution was studied by conducting tests on a full scale model of a joint. A series of car-running experiments were conducted on the joint and studied its noise and vibration characteristics. A modal analysis of the joint is performed using finite element modelling. It was observed that the frequency of the noise generated above the joint varies from 500 to 800Hz due to sudden change in air pressure within the gap formed by rubber sealing with the middle beams. The frequency is less than 200Hz below the joint caused by the sound radiation due to the bending vibration modes of the middle beams being excited by an impact force from t he car wheels. Likewise a numerical investigation was conducted on a modular expansion joint of an expressway bridge to understand the generation and radiation mechanism (Ghimire, et al., 2009). The numerical analysis was conducted using finite element method. 1.7.2.2 Performance of Modular expansion joint Modular joints have the ability to cope with large thermal expansion and contraction of large bridges (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). They are capable of preventing girder pounding during strong earthquakes. A complex joint was modelled to study the dynamic response of a modular bridge expansion joint (Crocetti and Edmund, 2003). The vertical loads perpendicular to the roadway plane were considered. Horizontal loads were eliminated since the excitation mechanism was sophisticated and the behaviour of the joint in the horizontal direction was stochastic in character. A single fatigue test was performed. Data from the field tests including measurement of wheel load distribution factors, horizontal and vertical wheel loads, determination of damping and natural frequencies were obtained from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The result of the fatigue test conducted agreed with the S-N curve plotted for welded connection between the support bar and the centre beam suggested by Dexter, et al. (1997) cited in (Crocetti Edmund 2003). Additionally an experimental investigation was performed to study the fatigue performance of a welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint (Chaallal, 2006). The welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint was used in the rehabilitation of Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal. The vertical and horizontal loads were considered unlike (Crocetti Edmund 2003) which is more practical since the expansion joints are subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads. Experimental tests were conducted on three subassemblies of the modular joint for various loads and S-N curve was plotted. 1.8 Manufacturers of Expansion joints 1.8.1 The Bridge Joint Association Bridge Joint Association (BJA) prepares standards and current practice sheets. It comprises of manufacturers and installers of bridge expansion joints which include: ASL CONTRACTS LTD, FREYSSINET LTD, GRACE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS LTD, Highways Maintenance Specialists LTD and MAURER LTD (Bridge Joint Association, 2009). 1.8.2 Watson Bowman Acme Corporation Watson Bowman Acme Corporation (WBA) found in 1950 isa recognized innovator in the development and manufacture of expansion joint controlsystems. Some of the joints manufactured by WBA include: Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal This is a high performance expansion joint system that uti ­lizes a two-part sealant between elastomeric concrete headers made of Wabo ®Crete II capable of absorbing impact loads. The headers are coupled with Wabo ®SiliconeSeal make it an ideal expansion joint system that is adopted in the industry for new construction or repair of existing joints. Wabo ®Crete II elastomeric concrete is widely used in header applications for bridges and parking structures. Polyurethane is used in the header material to minimize edge spalling associated with high impact loads while achieving superior bonding capabilities. The Wabo ®SiliconeSeal is a cold applied self levelling sealant requires no priming which simplifies acceler ­ates the installation process. Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal system is licensed under US Patent No 5.190.395. This joint is adopted for applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007) . Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam This is an armorless expansion joint system that is designed with closed-cell foam joint seal installed with epoxy adhesive between an impact absorbing elastomeric concrete header. The high impact absorbing, ambient cured and self-levelling properties of the Wabo ®Crete II joint header allows for the joint system to mono ­lithically bond to the deck creating a watertight system. Using an elastomeric concrete joint header achieving superior bonding ca ­pabilities and minimizing edge spalling (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Expandex This is a flexible asphaltic plug joint system designed to accommodate minimum structure movement while providing a smooth transition between the ap ­proach pavement and the bridge deck. Wabo ®Expandex is used typically at abut ­ments or asphalt overlays due to its unique asphalt compatibility. The system combines the use of a traffic bearing plate with special aggregate reinforced modified elastomeric material (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Jeene ® This joint system comprises of a neoprene profile, which is air-pressurized and bonded in place with a specially formulated epoxy ad ­hesive. With properly installation, the Jeene ® joint system will not tear away, protrude out of, or slip from its original position on exposure to repeated mechanical or thermal movements. Complete adhesion of the epoxy to the profile and joint wall is achieved due to the air inflation during installation. Jeene ® is the most durable, versatile, cost-effective and watertight expansion joint (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®HSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated expansion joint system de ­signed to provide a permanent weather tight seal. The system is sealed in place with an epoxy, which allows it to accommodate horizontal, vertical, and skew expansion joint movements. Wabo ®HSeal consists of a micro-cell, stable to UV, polyurethane foam impregnated with a hydrophobic polymer and topped with a traffic grade elastomeric coating. The im ­pregnated foam provides a valuable secondary water tight seal in case the primary elastomeric coating is damaged. This system is supplied in pre-compressed sticks for easy installation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Flex This is a molded rubber cushion expansion joint which is designed to accommodate structure movements from 2 inches up to 13 inches. In Wabo ®Flex system the molded rubber cushions are steel reinforced and imbedded with corrosion-resistant aluminium wear plates. Tongue and grooves at the end of each rubber cush ­ion ensure a watertight connection and prevent uplift or separation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®TransFlex This is an original reinforced elastomeric molded rubber expansion joint system. All sections feature tongue and groove fittings for tight end-to-end mating across decks and at curbs and are steel reinforced. It can be installed in new decks, or in older structures on rehabilitation projects. These joint systems readily adapt to skew angles. Wabo ®TransFlex system will accommodate anticipated thermal movements reject debris and create a level, smooth-riding, wear-resistant surface if properly installed (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated ex ­pansion joint system that works under its own constant internal pressure to provide a weather resistant seal. The system contains an open-cell foam seal im ­pregnated with a hydrophobic polymer sealing compound. Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal can be used on applications which cause simple thermal movements or on applications where seismic movement is anticipated. The Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal system is recommended for use on all in ­terior and exterior wall, ceiling and soffit expansion joint applications (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). The joint systems manufactured by Watson Bowman Acme Corporation are compared as shown in Table 2, with respect to their features and their recommended area of implementation. Table 2: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by WBA. Joint Features Recommended for Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal Watertight system, rapid installation, Cold applied, Expansion joint applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and highways. Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam Accommodates movement cycle through compression and tension, Minimizes dirt or debris accumulation Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and interstate highways. Wabo ®Expandex. Provides smooth riding surface, can be milled or planed during resurfacing operations, joint openings with movements up to +/- 0.75 at time of installation Sealing joints on secondary highway bridge structures. Joint Features Recommended for Jeene ® . Accommodates forces associated with multi-directional movements, resists hydrostatic pressure, Accommodates thermal movement Sealing joints on bridges roadways and tunnels. Wabo ®HSeal Can accommodate horizontal, vertical and skew expansion joint movements, easy installation Sealing joints on bridges, sound wall barriers Wabo ®Flex maximum friction, prevents debris accumulation, reduces deflection under traffic load ­ing, maximum movement of 13 inches Bridge decks and ramps, Low height joint sealing restrictions Wabo ®TransFlex Watertight connection, prevent uplift or separation maximum movement of 13 inches Low height joint sealing restrictions bridges, decks and ramps Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal seismic movement capability, weather resistant, self-expanding non-laminated construction, accommodates movement up to +/- 50% Stadiums, parking garages, Replacing failed joints 1.8.3 Universal Sealants Limited Universal Sealants limited (USL) focuses on construction of bridges, tunnels, rail and other major structures. It manufactures supplies and installs specialist construction products including: bridge expansion joints; membranes for bridge deck waterproofing; protective coatings; concrete repair and car park refurbishment work. Some expansion joints offered by USL include: Uniflex expansion joints This system uses a butyl rubber membrane, bonded to the concrete and asphalt surfaces with Uniflex epoxy adhesive to provide an efficient and permanent joint that is easily installed. The system accommodates a variety of conditions from those experienced on an asphalt-covered traffic-free roof, to bridge decks with sheet membrane, spray on coating or asphalt waterproofing, also it can be used with two layer mastic asphalt or brick paving systems. The Uniflex system is chemically inert and completely impervious to water and water vapour. In buried joints the membrane is completely protected by the wearing surface. Uniflex membrane will not deteriorate during its service and the combination of a simple design and proven components makes the system naturally long-lasting and well up to the requirements of modern building and civil engineering practice (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Febajoint This joint is fully registered with the Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley (BD 33/94: Joint Type 2) suitable for all class roads and motorways. The joint is nominally 500mm wide and not less than 100mm deep which will provide optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm. The materials are applied hot and in a fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Careful considerations should be made by the engineer before using this joint. Binder compounds use thermoplastic materials which contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). FEBA HM expansion joints The system is fully registered with the UK Highways Agency for type 2 application. It is a high modulus flexible, waterproof asphaltic plug joint. The main feature of this system includes a resistance to wheel tracking. This joint is suitable for a maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm. The FEBA HM system should be considered in places of high traffic volumes, constant standing traffic or heavy loading. The materials are applied hot and in fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Binder compounds are classified as thermoplastic materials and contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Nosing Joint (NJ) system This joint system is an ideal for maintenance situations and has been developed to provide a whole life economic solution for applications where asphalt plug joints are unsuitable and is registered with the UK Highways Agency, The Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembly. A surface mounted nosing joint with an elastomeric insert bonded to the rapid curing elastomeric compound known as Britflex ® Resin Mortar (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, the Scottish Executive and the Welsh Assembly for use on highway bridge decks (BD 33/94: Joint Type 5). These joints are reinforced elastomeric comprising of steel angles and a steel bridging plate system encased in a flexible elastomer. The movements that can be accommodated vary from 38mm to 330mm in structures including: All types of highway structures, car park decks, footbridges and podium decks (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joint These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley for use on bridge decks on all classes of roads and motorways. (Department of Transport BD33/94: Joint Type 6). This system is ideal for maintenance projects where there is a need to replace failed systems. The major benefit of this system is its speed of assembly on-site (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Londitudinal Joint (LJ) system This system has been developed to provide an effective method of sealing longitudinal expansion gaps and soffits. This joint accommodates both longitudinal and vertical movement and also provides a substantially watertight seal. The LJ joint system can be used as a waterproof cover joint or as a drainage channel under joint with the facility to install drainage outlets into the system (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Table 3: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by USL. Joint Type Features Uniflex Expansion Joints Type 1-Buried joint under continuous surfacing Impervious to water and water vapour, long-lasting, simple design Joint Type Features Febajoints Type 2-Asphaltic Plug joint Provides optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm, joint for use on highway bridges FEBA HM Expansion Joints Type 2-High Modulus Asphaltic Plug joint Can accommodate impact loads, maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm Nosing Joint system Type 4-Nosing with preformed compression seal Rapid Installation, No drilling of deck, can only be used in the situation where the gap at carriageway level does not exceed 65mm. Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex Expansion Joints Type 5-Reinforced Elastomeric Accommodating movement from 38mm to 330mm. used for car park decks, footbridges, podium deck. Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joints Type 6-Elastomeric in metal runners Rapid on site assembly, less future maintenance costs, easy to install Longitudinal Joints Longitudinal Joint System can accommodate both longitudinal and vertical movement, rapid installation, low maintenance, cost effective , watertight seal 1.8.4 Stirling Lloyd Stirling Lloyd specialise in the development, manufacture and application of high-performance waterproofing and structural protection membranes and systems. They deal with road and rail bridge decks and tunnels, to commercial building developments, car parks and highway maintenance solutions. Some of the joints manufactured by Stirling Lloyd include: Sentinel ® B This joint consists of a PVC flashing strip designed for various movement ranges. The flashing is bonded across the expansion gap and incorporated into the Eliminator ® water proofing system to form a continous waterproofing detail below

Behavior and thinking Essay

Humans are conditioned to act according to stimulus that are present in their environment. Thus was the belief or Russian scientist/physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) (Encarta, 2008). Though noted also for his work in the field of physiology, he is more remembered for the conduct of experiments for the demonstration of conditioned and the opposite unconditioned reflexes, first done on dogs in 1889 (Encarta, 2008). Pavlov’s discovery of the â€Å"conditoned reflex† was of great importance to the field og biology, since it showed a physiological foundation for the development of creatures of diverse reactions, or, behaviors, in order for the organism to be able to adapt to their surroundings (Bluden, 2001). Many researchers have tried to know the link between the physical and the mental bridge (cited in Biology and Medicine, 2008). The intersection of how the mind thinks and the behaviors that will emanate from the person is addressed in the field of biopsychology,i. e. a scientific undertaking to determine the biological basis of a person’s behavior and his thought processes (Encarta, 2008). Accroding to Catherine Harris, in her position paper, â€Å"What is the most important psychological finding of the century? †, she states that one’s biological tendencies tend to play a good part in an individual’s mental disorders (Harris, 1999). In her paper, centuries of human evolution have created an indominatable â€Å"information processing system†, one that does not take failure lightly (Harris, 1999). Anti social behaviors evolve under the most extreme adaptive pressures to adapt to one’s environment (Harris, 1999). These are forms of â€Å"cheat† behaviors to allow people to adapt. For example, â€Å"obsessive-compulsive behaviors† may be a reaction to the society’s rules and rituals imposed on an individual (Harris, 1999). Crowding is another social behavior one is prone to adapt to often (Southwick, 2008). In his observations, overcrowding tend to display the breakdown of normal behaviors, an upswing in aggression and violence, among others (Soutwick, 2008). The mind and the body does act in unison, but the final link of that act still has to be known with furhetr studies and research.