Want Answer of These Question Free Essays

BECE 002 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT For July 2012 and January 2013 Students Course Code: BECE 002 Title of Course: Indian Economic Development: Issues and Perspectives School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 2012-13 Dear Student, As per the present pattern of assignments, you will have to do one assignment for this elective course BECE-002. The assignment is of 100 marks which contains 3 sections. Section I contains two questions of 20 marks each; Section II contains four questions of 12 marks each; and Section III contains two questions of 6 marks each. We will write a custom essay sample on Want Answer of These Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submission Completed assignments should be submitted to the coordinator of your study center by March 31, 2013 for students admitted in July 2012 cycle and by September 30, 2013 for students admitted in January 2013 cycle. 2 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES Programme Code: BDP Course Code: BECE-002 Assignment Code: BECE-002/AST/TMA/2012-13 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all the questions A. Long Answer Questions (word limit-500 words) 2Ãâ€"20=40 marks 1) Discuss the rationale behind the ‘capabilities and human development’ theory propounded by A. K. Sen. 2) Analyse the growth profile of India’s industrial production by ‘use based classification’ over the period 1960-2007. B. Medium Answer Questions (word limit-250 words) 4 x 12=48 marks 1) Discuss the concept of ‘population ageing’. 2) Explain briefly the risks of high fiscal deficit. 3) What are the causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture? 4) Discuss the features of Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs). C. Short Answer Questions (word limit 100 words) 2Ãâ€"6=12 marks 1) What is meant by ‘work force participation rate’? 2) Write a note on the ‘prevention and protection’ aspect of flood management. 3 How to cite Want Answer of These Question, Essay examples

Want Answer of These Question Free Essays

BECE 002 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT For July 2012 and January 2013 Students Course Code: BECE 002 Title of Course: Indian Economic Development: Issues and Perspectives School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 2012-13 Dear Student, As per the present pattern of assignments, you will have to do one assignment for this elective course BECE-002. The assignment is of 100 marks which contains 3 sections. Section I contains two questions of 20 marks each; Section II contains four questions of 12 marks each; and Section III contains two questions of 6 marks each. We will write a custom essay sample on Want Answer of These Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submission Completed assignments should be submitted to the coordinator of your study center by March 31, 2013 for students admitted in July 2012 cycle and by September 30, 2013 for students admitted in January 2013 cycle. 2 BECE-002 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES Programme Code: BDP Course Code: BECE-002 Assignment Code: BECE-002/AST/TMA/2012-13 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all the questions A. Long Answer Questions (word limit-500 words) 2Ãâ€"20=40 marks 1) Discuss the rationale behind the ‘capabilities and human development’ theory propounded by A. K. Sen. 2) Analyse the growth profile of India’s industrial production by ‘use based classification’ over the period 1960-2007. B. Medium Answer Questions (word limit-250 words) 4 x 12=48 marks 1) Discuss the concept of ‘population ageing’. 2) Explain briefly the risks of high fiscal deficit. 3) What are the causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture? 4) Discuss the features of Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs). C. Short Answer Questions (word limit 100 words) 2Ãâ€"6=12 marks 1) What is meant by ‘work force participation rate’? 2) Write a note on the ‘prevention and protection’ aspect of flood management. 3 How to cite Want Answer of These Question, Essay examples

Psychology Articles Summaries

The major objective of this study was to evaluate sleep patterns of 400 Iranian men and women, aged 60 years or older, with a view to establish a relationship between their sleep quality and health status (Malakouti 1201). Previous studies had shown that sleep disturbances not only increase with age, but also elevate the use of health services and enhances physical and mental morbidity, functional dysfunction, and all causes of mortality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To collect the needed primary data, three sets of questionnaires, namely the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), were administered to the participants sampled using a rigorous scientific procedure that made use of the National Organization for Retired Persons in Tehran to recruit the elderly participants ( Malakouti 1202-1203). The results reinforced the findings of other previous studies that many elderly people indeed suffer from poor sleep quality, consequently exposing them to a multiplicity of health-related risks and even illnesses. One in every ten participants reported experiencing sleepiness during the daytime due to poor sleep at night, while a sizeable number of participants reported experiencing difficulties falling asleep and maintaining sleep throughout the night. More women reported difficulties falling asleep due to being too hot at night, while more men suffered from leg twitching at night, considerably lowering the quality of sleep (Malakouti 1203-1206). These findings have important ramifications for the elderly as the quality of their sleep is positively correlated with quality of life and health outcomes (Malakouti 1206). Consequently, the authors suggest that promoting sleep hygiene education for the elderly should be recommended to enhance their quality of life and promote their health and wellbeing. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. This particular study purposed to explore the premise that parents have an increasingly significant influence not only on their children’s memories of them as significant others but also on their children’s memories of the parents’ close friends.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, the researchers enrolled a sample of 198 Italian university students to critically â€Å"†¦evaluate the role that the quality of parent-child relationships has on two different types of memories, those of parents and those of friends (Tani et al. 301). In addition, the researchers purposed to evaluate the role of gender in moderating these relat ionships (Tani et al. 318). Three data collection instruments, namely the Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI), questionnaire on parent and friend memories, and Adolescents Report of Parental Monitoring (ARPM), were used to evaluate the depth of the parent-child relationships (Tani et al. 307-309). The results demonstrated that parent-friend memories, as reported by participants increased in both genders with age, and were predominantly frequent during adolescence. When the affective tone of the memories was evaluated, it was revealed that in both male and female participants, the percentage of negative memories increased from childhood to adolescence, while the proportion of positive memories lessened. Using the same trajectory, the percentage of positive friends’ memories was found to increase while those of negative memories decreased (Tani et al. 318). This study was, therefore instrumental in underlying the importance of encouraging children to socialize more with th eir friends for purposes of identity development and for the provision of other supportive functions that are automatically transferred from parents to friends as individuals grow from childhood into adulthood (Tani et al., 324-327). Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦ Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. In this study, the authors attempted to examine cortisol responses to public speaking with a view to test the â€Å"†¦hypothesis that reactivity would be positively related to openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and negatively to extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, respectively† (Garcia-Banda et al. 1338).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In part icular, the researchers were interested in comparing salivary cortisol secreted by a sample of participants during a stressful scenario (public speaking) to cortisol secreted by the same sample of participants in a non-stressful scenario to investigate its relationship to the variables mentioned above (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340). Towards the realization of this aim, a sample of 75 participants were recruited into the study and two data-gathering instruments – the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised – administered on them (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340-1341). The results reinforced findings of other previous studies that public speaking is associated with enhanced cortisol levels (Garcia-Banda et al. 1341). Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that conscientiousness as one of prosocial personality dimensions was linked to elevated cortisol in the stressed scenario, whereas smaller portions of cortisol responses were found in participants with psychoticism – a personality facet that correlates highly with psychopathy and impairment in stress reactivity (Garcia-Banda et al. 1345). These findings are not only instrumental in assisting us to understand why people with elevated cortisol levels cope better in stressful situations than people with normal or even blunted cortisol secretion, but also in understanding why people demonstrating conscientiousness always have a good self-control disposition and an affective prosocial attitude towards others. Consequently, the study assists us to understand why conscientious individuals enjoy life. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. This particular study purposed â€Å"†¦to investigate the relationship between virtues and the personality traits of college students in mainland China† (Mu 1379). The concept of vir tue is important in contemporary personality theory since it represents the quality of character through which people consistently identify with and do the right thing. A sample of 426 students from two universities located in Eastern China was identified, and two data collection tools, namely the Chinese Virtue Adjectives Rating Scale (CVARS) and The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Chinese 16PF), administered for purposes of collecting data (Mu 1381). The hypothesis was that personal virtues will be positively correlated with personality characteristics.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In detailing the results, the investigator â€Å"†¦found that all factors of the CVARS correlated positively with emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, abstractedness, and perfectionism of the 16PF, and correlated negatively with sensitivity, vigilance, apprehension, self-reliance, and tension† (Mu 1383). Other second-order factors of the 16PF needed for individuals to develop strong personality traits, such as extraversion, tough-mindedness, and autonomy, also correlated positively with all factors of the CVARS. The results have important ramifications for psychological thought, particularly in the broad area of personality development, as they support the view that the concept of virtue is closely related to personality and, consequently, it can be of great importance to behaviorists in character development (Mu 1384). The study brings us closer to the conclusion made previously by scholars of personality psychology that altho ugh personality and virtue are viewed as separate entities, they are indeed related conceptions. This view is slowly being entrenched in positive psychology. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. Torgersen used a meta-analytic review of published articles to evaluate whether personality disorders are caused by genetic predispositions or environmental factors. The author’s analysis begins by reviewing a number of recently published studies, which suggests that individuals exhibiting personality problems also usually exhibit a life trend of personality challenges that are usually above the average in any given population (Torgersen 626). The author argues that familial transmission of personality disorders is more or less only genetic, stressing that â€Å"†¦the development of antisocial personality disorders is influenced by genes, the heritability being around 0.40, wit h no effect of shared family environment† (Torgersen 627). When it comes to environmental influence, the author observes that while it is indeed true that individuals exhibiting particular personality disorders report various environmental stimuli, such as cold and distant parents, neglect, environmental instability, no parental caring and little control, research is yet to provide conclusive findings on whether these environmental agents are the causes or the consequences of the perceived personality disorders (Torgersen 628). The author argues that if parents mistreat their children and, as a direct consequence, the children develop personality/behavioral problems, it does not essentially imply that the mistreatment is the root cause of the problems. On the contrary, â€Å"†¦the parents themselves [may] have some personality disorder traits, partly due to genes. These genetically influenced traits correlate with poor parenting, explaining the genetic influence on paren ting. The children inherit the genes and subsequently develop personality disorders† (Torgersen 628). To distinguish between genetic and environmental variables to personality problems, therefore, the author suggests that subsequent studies should assume a genetically informed longitudinal approach. Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Dwairy used a sample of 2,884 participants, comprising of Arab, Indian, French, Polish, and Argentinean adolescents, to evaluate if parental inconsistencies (temporal, situational, and father-mother inconsistency) could indeed influence the adolescents psychological disorders. Temporal inconsistency was described as â€Å"†¦the inconsistency in the parent’s reaction time to the same situation from time to time, situational inconsistency [as] the inconsistency in the parental rea ction from one situation to another, and father-mother inconsistency [as] the inconsistency between the two parents in their reaction to the same situation† (Dwairy 24). Consequently, the author â€Å"†¦hypothesized that parental inconsistencies are dependent on culture, the parents’ gender, and the adolescents’ gender, and are associated with psychological maladjustment of adolescents† (Dwairy 24). Further, it was hypothesized that the stated associations vary across cultures. The results revealed that while parental inconsistency is culturally dependent, it does not seem to be influenced by the adolescent’s gender. The most important finding of the study, however, was that parental inconsistency is evidently correlated to adolescents’ mental health and led to: ambivalent feelings (e.g., adolescents developing negative feelings when parents are controlling and criticize); unpredictable behavior, which not only hurt’s the childâ⠂¬â„¢s feelings but disturbs the child-parent relationship, and; feelings of injustice (Dwairy 24-27). The study also demonstrated that the parents’ temporal inconsistencies and father-mother discrepancy were closely associated with psychopathy across cultures, while father-mother situational discrepancies were not in any way associated with psychopathy (Dwairy 27). Works Cited Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. Malakouti, Seyed Kazem, Mahshid Foroughan, Marzieh Nojomi, Mir Farhad Ghalabandi Tahar Zandi. â€Å"Sleep Patterns, Sleep Disturbances and Sleepiness in Retired Irania n Elders.† International Journal of Geriatric Psychology 24.2 (2009): 1201-1208. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. This report on Psychology Articles Summaries was written and submitted by user Margaret Lyons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Check out the best college essay writing services reviews

Check out the best college essay writing services reviews College is that place you yearn for and cant wait to enroll. You have been having countless nights just wondering how your college life will be like. But as college enrollment nears, fear begins to crop inside you. But fortunately, you are successful and you begin your college life. The subjects are so many and you have to attend all lessons. To top up, there are extra curricular activities that are compulsory. You have not completed your three essay writing assignments and the due date is next week. Just where do you begin from? The best idea you can think of is seeking help from the best college essay writing service. You being to search blindly for the best services and to your surprise they are a lot. Do you go with all of them or the first that appears on the list? All these options are not good. The easiest places to look for are college essay review services. This is a page that contains several essay writing website reviews. Here is why reviews will prove to be more helpful when choosing a service to get best college essays. Essay writing service reviews are not biased The essay writing service reviews website provides all the necessary information to customers. Since its main purpose is to ensure students make the right decisions, it offers nothing but truthful information. All reviews are based on thorough evaluation and examination process on respective essay writing sites. Some of the things reviews address include the quality, the services offered delivery time and customer support. The reviews of specific websites also contain ratings as given by customers and their reliability. Essay writing reviews help customers identify good writers Essay services reviews talk about the specific writers. One can clearly tell that a service has good writers from its ratings from customers. When looking for the best college essays, one can easily click on the site and take a look at papers written by particular writers. You will therefore make your choice depending on the kind of writers and the top college essays written in their name. Essay writing reviews help during price determination Almost all essay writing service prices are similar. A review website analyzes each and every service price table and identifies which is the most affordable. You do not need to spend millions to get a good piece. From the reviews, you can choose the high rated service in pricing then settle for it. Here, you will not have to worry about the quality as the ratings are clearly seen. Are you looking for the best college essay ever? Simply go through the reviews and select the top 10 college essays. Look at the style and language used during writing and confirm if you will be using the service. Do not be surprised if your paper falls into the category of the best college essay ever written. Check out writing services that we have chosen for you! Use our reviews!

How to Find Enumeration District Maps

How to Find Enumeration District Maps An enumeration district (ED) is a geographic area assigned to an individual census taker, or enumerator, usually representing a specific portion of a city or county. The coverage area of a single enumeration district, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, is the area for which an enumerator could complete a count of the population within the allotted time for that particular census year. The size of an ED can range from a single city block (occasionally even a portion of a block if it is located within a large city packed with high-rise apartment buildings) to an entire county in sparsely populated rural areas. Each enumeration district designated for a particular census was assigned a number. For more recently released censuses, such as 1930 and 1940, each county within a state was assigned a number and then a smaller ED area within the county was assigned a second number, with the two numbers joined with a hyphen. In 1940, John Robert Marsh and his wife, Margaret Mitchell, famous author of Gone With the Wind, were living in a condo at 1 South Prado (1268 Piedmont Ave) in Atlanta, Georgia. Their 1940 Enumeration District (ED) is 160–196, with 160 representing the City of Atlanta, and 196 designating the individual ED within the city designated by the cross streets of S. Prado and Piedmont Ave. What Is an Enumerator? An enumerator, commonly called a census taker, is an individual temporarily employed by the U.S. Census Bureau to collect census information by going house to house in their assigned enumeration district. Enumerators are paid for their work and provided with detailed instructions on how and when to gather the information about each individual living within their assigned enumeration district(s) for a particular census. For the 1940 Census enumeration, each enumerator had either 2 weeks or 30 days to obtain information from each individual within their enumeration district. Using Enumeration Districts for Genealogy Now that US census records are indexed and available online, Enumeration Districts arent as important to genealogists as they once were. They can still be helpful, however, in certain situations. When you cant locate an individual in the index, then browse page-by-page through the records of the ED where you expect your relatives to be living. Enumeration District maps are also helpful for determining the order that an enumerator may have worked his way through his particular district, helping you to visualize the neighborhood and identify neighbors. How to Locate an Enumeration District To identify an individuals enumeration district, we need to know where they were living at the time the census was taken, including the state, city and street name. The street number is also very helpful in larger cities. With this information, the following tools can help to locate the Enumeration District for each census: Stephen P. Morse’s One-Step Tools website includes ED Finder tools for the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 U.S. federal censuses.Morse’s One-Step site also offers an ED conversion tool for converting between 1920 and 1930, and 1930 and 1940 Censuses.The National Archives has online ED maps and geographic descriptions for the 1940 census. Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts 1830–1890 and 1910–1950 can be found on the 156 rolls of NARA microfilm publication T1224. Enumeration District maps for 1900–1940 are available on the 73 rolls of NARA microfilm publication A3378. The Family History Library also has Enumeration District maps and descriptions on FHL microfilm.

Products Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Products Liability - Research Paper Example Company description The Ford Motor Company is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles and has a strong position in the global automotive market. The company widely engages in the development, manufacturing, distribution and service of vehicles, parts and their accessories. Ford corporate philosophy of stable improvement powerfully contributes to its immense achievement. The company endeavors to enhance its car products to appeal to its customers both buyers and potential buyers. At present, it concentrates on an advanced generation of consumers and creating stronger ties with this youthful market. As a result of its novel strategy, Ford has created a new line of vehicles, targeting the generation of â€Å"cool† and Ford main competitors include Toyota motor Company and GM motors (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Ford Motor Company was recently involved in an acc ident involving a 15 passenger Ford F-350 Econoline Van. Information shows that the van skidded off northbound interstate 5 in Kern County after the tread separated on its rear right tire. It becomes evident that evidence from the trial testified that the Ford officials had earlier on been contacted by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and knew that the product was defective, but the company officials never made any effort to conduct its dealers or its customers. Further evidence also shows that one of the men killed in the rollover was not wearing a seat belt during the accident. The panel also found that it would not have mattered in a crash in which the van rolled over four times while travelling at 70 miles per hour. Ford was then assessed with 59 percent comparative fault. It was also assessed $50,000,000 in punitive damages as a result of the accident (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit, how the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case The legal theory applied in the above case is product liability and negligence. The theory states that any injuries, death or any loss which may be as a result of a person or entity's negligence to fulfill any legal duty owed to another may be responsible for the act. These injuries are based on the legal theory of product liability and negligence and for one to establish a legal claim for negligence, it is required that the plaintiff must show that the defendant had a legal duty, the defendant breached that duty and this breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff injuries and the plaintiff was injured or even damaged in one way or the other. While laws may differ from state to state, deaths or injuries may be imposed for negligence (Birsch & Fielder, 2004). For instance, Kristi D. Roofer one of the plaintiffs sued the company over the manufacturers who sold t he van which was involved in that accident as Ford failed to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists. The lawsuit argues that the vehicle was defective and unreasonably dangerous and ultimately caused the death of the passengers. The defendant is accused of negligence for failing to design and manufacture a crashworthy vehicle and with proper seat belts to reduce accident deaths

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy - Essay Example Taoism Taoism serves as both a philosophy and a religion. Its roots can be traced back to ancient Shamanism. The Tao Te Ching which is the second most translated book in history codifies Taoism. Lao Tzu the sage wrote the 81 poems in 500 BC. Taoism is centered on a number of fundamental principles. Just like any other philosophical point of view, it gives a way of perceiving and comprehending reality. The word â€Å"Tao† means the way. The meaning is inclusive of both the way in which individuals view the world surrounding them and the way they interact with life. Our path of action and way of being in the world is influenced by how we view reality. The key principle of Taoism is that all manifestation and life is part of a whole which is inseparable. It is an interrelated organic unity that originates from a mysterious, deep and basically unexplainable origin that is the Tao itself. This principle comprises of everything imaginable. A number of Western translators have likene d this concept to the idea of God, absolute reality or universal mind among others (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). Basic principles of Taoism All aspects of existence are unified by the Tao Te Ching. It brings together both the spiritual and earthly dimensions with principles that operate at the same time in metaphysical, mental and physical realms. Classical Taoist instruction therefore included philosophy, meditation, physical exercise and religious ceremonies to strengthen how core principles exceed dimensions. There are nine key Principles of Taoism that precisely explain its cornerstone religious doctrines. The first principle is that the goal is contentment. Contentment is defined as the only measure that should be used to estimate personal success. Taoism teaches that a physical existence that is content will best make the soul ready for the time when the body will be cast off (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The second principle is oneness-a holist ic view. Taoism as a religious and philosophical system is built on a view of reality that is holistic. It uses principles that cut across the seen as well as unseen dimensions to unify all existence. Universal oneness is represented with white and black colors that rotate in a circle using its renowned yin-yang symbol. The third principle is the manifestation of the Tao. Since reason alone cannot be trusted, Taoism avoids conceptions that cannot be tested and affirmed by practical application. This requires a Taoist to not only rely on speculation but learn by looking at concrete demonstrations of larger universal forces. The fourth principle is that nature is unkind. Seemingly, since all effort is committed towards survival, there is little compassion in the natural world. Taoists are therefore encouraged by Lao Tzu to adopt an outlook of harsh unconcern towards everyone except a few loved ones. The fifth principle is that of society versus the individual. Taoism is mainly a philo sophy for the individual. It perceives society to be inclusive of confused individuals that freely resign to alluring social patterns. The Taoist therefore distinguishes effective beliefs from ineffective ones. This is by understanding the presence of useful individual beliefs and possibly useless social values (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The sixth principle is th